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Tench Tinca
tinca study paper list
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1.Preliminary study on the system dissection for Tench Tinca tinca(L) 2.Study on Poly-culture of Tench Tinca tinca (L)and other Fishes in China 3.Study on the Artificial Propagation of Tench Tinca tinca(L) 4.Study on the Flesh Content and Nutrition Component of Tench Tinca.tinca (L) 5.Study on the Hematology of Tench Tinca tinca (L) 6.Study on the Nursing of the Fry and Fingerling of Tench Tinca tinca (L) 7.Study on the Yield of Tench Tinca.tinca (L). in Pond 8.The Study on Embryonic Development of Tench Tinca tinca (L) |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Jie Ren1 Lin zhang1 Zhonghua Han2 Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| Tench Tinca tinca(L), belonging to Leucisicinae, Cyprindiae,
Cypiniforms, is originally distributed in Europe. It was first introduced
from Czech Public into China by Hubei Provincial Fisheries Institute in
1999.The paper reports on the system dissection of Tench and the results
comparing with some other Cyprinformes. The dissection method used in this
study was from Comparative Anatomy Of Fishes written by Qingwen Meng(1960)
and Common Carp Dissection written by Zhi Bin(1960).The fish was provided
by the fishfarm of Hubei Provincial Fisheries Institute in March,2001.
The outline of Tench is a little similar to anguillform. It has 2 short barbells.The head is dark- green, but the body color is yellow-green and becomes lighter and whiter from back to belly. Its eyes are small, and nasal anteriors are covered by a prominent nasal flap, which are different from most other Carps. The body scales are tiny and dense. There are 101~109 scales on each lateral line. There are no spines on fins. There are 22 gill rakers and about 100 gill filaments in the gill arch, which are similar to common Carps. Tench has no oral-cavity teeth, there is a line of pharyngeal teeth on the pharyngeal. The formula of pharyngeal teeth is 5/4.Its bladder has two rooms, the former is smaller than the latter. Tench has no stomach. It intestine connects directly with the mouth. The length of intestine is 1.1~1.3 times of the body length. There are abundant of red muscles in the body, and the length of tail is 0.26~0.32 time of the body. So the fish has strong movement ability. No intermuscular bone is in muscles. The head skeleton is made of 108 bones. The vertebral column usually consists of 38 segments, maybe more or less. It is generally said that there are 21 segments in the thoracic region and 17 segments in the caudal region. The brain of Tench has its characteristic. The cerebellum is half size of the midbrain in volume. In front of the medulla oblongta, there are facial lobe and vagal lobes. On the base of the morphology and characteristics of Tench, we can conclude that Tench is a benthic omnivorous fish with high sense and activity ability .So it can adapt to various environments. |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Jie
Ren1 Lin zhang1 Zhonghua Han2
Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| The culture of Tench has been lasting several centuries
in Europe. Tench has many characteristics, such as delicate meat, delicious
taste, high nutrition, fast-growing, better adaptability and tolerance to
environment. The study focuses on polyculture of Tench and other fishes
(Silver carp and Grass carp) in China, including both fingerling and adult
stages. The experimental Tench were fry of 2-3 cm in length, which were
introduced directly from Czech Public. The culturable fishes involved were
fingerlings of 3-5 cm in length, which were conducted in Donghu fish farm
of Hubei Provincial Fisheries Institute.
Poly-culture in fingerling stage: The Tench were divided into three groups: sole-culture, poly-culture with Silver carp and Grass carp. The average amount of stocking was 3000 per mu in each pond. During the experiment, the ponds were fertilized per ten days and irrigated with fresh water per half a month. After three months, the order from the maximum to minimum for survival rate, size and output was found as follows: Survival rate: pond with Grass carp> pond with Silver carp >sole-culture pond.(91.6%>87.7%>82.5%). Size order: pond with Grass carp>pond with Silver carp>sole-culture pond (53.4g>48.7g>42.2g). Output order: pond with Silver carp >pond with Grass carp >sole-culture (182.2 kg>147.5 kg>96.5 kg). Poly-culture of adult fish: The average amount of 400 of Tench fingerlings (each weights about 52g) was respectively stocked into the ponds with Tench as the major species and Grass carp as the major species. An output of 200 kg /mu was obtained after one year¡¯s cultivation. The order for the output and survival rate in two kinds of poly-culture ponds: Output: pond of Grass carp as the major species > pond of Silver carp as the major species (219.90kg >202.58kg); Survival rate: pond of Grass carp as the major species >pond of Silver carp as the major species (96.7%>92.0%). In a word, the effect of poly-culture between Tench and
other culturable fishes in China is good, no matter the stages of fingerling
or adult fish. However, the best way is poly-culture of Tench and Grass
carp. |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Lin
zhang1 Jie Ren1 Zhonghua Han2
Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
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Artificial propagation of Tench has gotten success in
China in 2001.We have obtained about 1,600,000 eggs and incubated more
than 100,000 fries. |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Lin
zhang1 Zhonghua Han2 Jie Ren1
Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| This paper provides the flesh content and nutrition of
Tench. Besides comparison with some fresh-water fish .The result is as following
:
1 The determination of flesh content was carried out by ¡°weighing method¡±, the flesh content of Tench is 70.7%.It is more than that of common carp (63.5¡«?9.1%) and crucian carp (62¡«65.4) and shows a remarkable difference. 2 The flesh protein was determined by ¡°1030 auto-determine machine¡±. Result: Protein content of Tench was 18.85% which was remarkably more than that of black carp (15.8%),grass carp (15.5%),bighead carp (15.3%), crucian carp (14.4%),common carp (17.3%),river catfish (15.43%),channel catfish (16.3%),African catfish (15.58%),pelteobagrus fulvidraco (14.9%),mutton (11.1%), and egg(14.7%). 3 The fat determination was done by extractive distillation. Result: The fat content Tench was 1.73% which was more than that of grass carp (1.4%),bighead carp (0.9%),pelteobagrus fulvidraco (0.93%),crucian carp (1.03%) and river catfish (1.11%).It was less than that of black fish (2.62%),channel catfish (2.99%) and African catfish (3.59%). 4 The amino-acid was determined by ¡°835-50 auto-analysis machine¡±. Result: The nutritive value of Tench was very high .The total content of amino-acid was 18.03%.It was more than that of mandarin fish. And the total content of four kind of amino-acids (we called¡° fresh taste amino acids¡±) was 6.97% .It was higher than that of channel catfish (6.36%),catfish (5.35%),pelteobagrus fulvidraco (5.3%) and African catfish (5.52%).First and last, the Tench was high in nutrition and delicious. |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Jie
Ren1 Lin zhang1 Zhonghua Han2
Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| This paper reports the determination result of the hematology
of Tench which was first introduced from Czech Public by Hubei provincial
Fishery Research Institute of China in 1998.The study was conducted with
a machine of £¢cell-DYM-1400£¢(auto blood analysis machine) by the selection
electrode analysis and the chemical colorimetric analysis .The results were
summarized as following: The red cell was 1.43¡«5.90 (T/L), average 3.11
(T/L);white cell 6.49¡«54.10 (G/L),average33.84 (G/L);the average volume
of red cell 57.00¡«85.00 (fl), average 67.52 (fl);blood plates 42.00¡«196.00
G/L, average 103.72; the pressure area of red cell 0.08¡«0.15 % hemachiome
101.00¡«152.00g/L, average 121.18; lymphball of red cell 53.00¡«60.40%,average
56.28%; neutral white cell 39.60¡«47.00, average 43.72%.
The blood plates of Tench was far more than local common carp(77.3g/L) as well as local crucian carp. It was helpful for the fish to grow fast and resist to diseases. The serum inorganic salt examined including P¡¢K¡¢Na¡¢Cl¡¢Ca¡¢
Fe etc, the content was P:2.96¡«3.96 mmol/L, average 3.31 mmol/L; K: 1.64¡«30.00
mmol/L, average 11.11 mmol/L;Na: 117.10¡«131.40 mmol/L, average 125,23
mmol/L; Cl: 102.00¡«109.30 mmol/L average 105.08 mmol/L; Ca: 2.32¡«2.73
mmol/L, average 2.51 mmol/L; Fe: 14.10¡«15.90 mmol/L, average 15.13 mmol/L;
Me: 0.25¡«0.39 mmol/L, average 0.33 mmol/L; N: 1.39¡«1.70 mmol/L, verage
1.48 mmol/L. Among them the content of P¡¢Me and K was more than that of
human beings. In the viewpoint of nutrition, this fish could be used as
a supplementary food for P¡¢Me and K. |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Zhonghua
Han2 Lin zhang1 Jie Ren1
Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| The paper describes the results of nursing of fry and fingerling
of Tench Tinca tinca (L).
Nursing of the fry: cement poor, nursing trough, net cage and pond are adopted to nurse the fry of Tench. 1. Nursing in cement poor: The pool is two square meters in area, and one meter deep. Different densities are used from 400 to 2000 fries of Tench in each square meter. The fries are fed with soybean milk after placed in cement pool. One month after rearing, the fries reach 2.5--3.5cm in body length with an average survival rate of 92.5%. 2 Nursing in trough: 1500 fries are placed in each trough which feed with yolk and soft compound pellet with a protein content of 41.2%. 25 days later, the body length reaches 1.5--2.5cm.The average survival rate is 83.5%. 3. Nursing in net cage: The net cages (1.6 square meters) are put into a pond with plenty of plankton. 1000 fries are placed in each net cage. One month later, the body length reaches 3-4cm. The survival rates of feeding group and control are 87% and 80.95% separately. 4. Nursing in pond: The best area of the pond used for nursing fry is from 1 to 3 mu. 30000--50000 fries are placed in each mu. No.1 pond without fertilized and fed with soybean milk and soft compound pellet with a protein of 41.2% after fry stock, No.2 pond fertilized to multiply plankton before fry stock. One month after rearing, the body length is 3--5cm .The average survival rate of the No.1 pond (81.2% ) is higher than that of No.2 pond (74.4% ). To improve the survival rate of nursing, we should pay great attention to the following steps: 1.The hatched fry must be cultured 3 or 4 days before putting into the pond; 2. The pond should be no big zooplankton before putting fries; 3. The pond should have zooplankton enough for the fries; 4. Keep the culture water fresh. Nursing of Fingerling: cement pool and pond are adopted to culture the fingerling of Tench: 1. Nursing in cement pool: The pond is 25 to 80 square meters in area where 60--80 fingerlings with 3.2--3.7 cm in body length are placed in each square meters . The fingerlings are fed with soft compound pellet (36.1% protein). After three month rearing, the average body length is over 12.5cm and the average survival rate is 93.5%. 2. Nursing in pond : The area of pond is 2¡ª5 mu , 2000--2500 fingerlings with 3.2¡ª3.6cm in body length are placed in each mu. The fingerlings are fed with soft compound pellet (36.1% protein). After three month rearing, the average body length is 12--16cm and the average survival rate is 83.7%. There are five keys steps about the culture of the Tench fingerlings as follows: 1.Stock density should be suitable; 2. Keep plenty of zooplankton through the whole nursing period; 3. To have some aquatic plants in the habitat will be better; 4.Keep the culture water fresh; 5. Disinfect water periodically to prevent bacterial disease. |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Min Guan1 Zhonghua
Han2 Lin zhang1 Jie Ren1
Zhen Huang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| The culture of Tench is popular in Europe owing to its
superior characteristics, such as high nutrition, fast-growing, better adaptability
and tolerance to environment. It also has long history of several centuries
for cultivation. This study focuses on high production in the pond with
Tench as the major species. The test was performed at three ponds respectively.
That is pond with artificial compound feed, pond with fertilization and
pond with both fertilization and feed. The progress and result of the experiment
showed as follows:
¢Ù No. 1 pond Fishpond was 1 mu in area, which was stocked with 1500 of Tench fingerlings (average weight was 62g), as well some Silver carps, Bighead carps, Grass carps and a few Blunt-snout bream. The compound feed were applied, which includes 33 percent protein. One year later, the net output of Tench was 549.84 kg, the total net output was 624.13 kg. Feed coefficient was about 1.32. ¢Ú No. 2 Fishpond was 2.8mu in area. It was stocked with 1000 of Tench fingerlings (average weight was 64 kg). After one year¡¯s feeding by means of fertilizing (green grass, manure, chemical fertilizer).The net output of Tench was 434.12 kg/mu ,the total net output was 559.69 kg/mu. ¢Û No. 3 Fishpond was 2 mu in area, in which there were 1200 of Tench fingerlings (average weight was 63g). Using fertilization plus feed, the net output of Tench was 533.71 kg/mu, the total net output was 660.95 kg/mu after one year. The stocking density revealed a gradual diminution according to the following order: pond with feed>pond with fertilization plus feed>pond with fertilization. The order of market fish size was: pond with fertilization plus feed >pond with fertilization>pond with feed. The order of the output was: pond with feed >pond with fertilization plus feed > pond with fertilization (549.84 >533.71>434.12 kg/mu). The order of survival rate was: pond with feed >pond with fertilization plus feed>pond with fertilization (98.0%>96.2%>94.7%). The order of the economic benefits (pure profit) was pond with feed>pond with fertilization plus feed>pond with fertilization(25712.58>25676.36>20979.28 yuan/mu). Tench can consume compound feed well. The feed coefficient was 1.16 by calculating on compound with protein of 33 percent |
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Jiaxi Wang1 Shaohua Hu2 Jie Ren1 Zhonghua
Han2 Min Guan1 Zhen Huang1
Lin zhang1 Chunyi Wang2 1 Hubei Provincial Fisheries Research Institute, 96 Donghu Road, Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:hbsscyjs@public.wh.hb.cn) 2 Asian and Pacific Aquaculture Co.Ltd(Wuhan).96 Donghu Road,Wuchang,430071,Hubei,PRC (E-mail:chinafish1@263.net) |
| This paper describes the development of the Tench Tinca
tinca (L) during the embryonic period. The eggs are obtained by artificial
fertilization. The egg is round and yellow-green.Their mean size before
activation and water intake is 0.79¡À0.01mm. After fertilization and when
discharged into water, the eggs develop a rather voluminous and vitelline
space, the mean size increases to 1.44 times.
Under the condition of our experiment ,at the mean water temperature of 24.5¡æ,the embryonic period of development ,starting with the moment of fertilization and ending with the incubation stage up to the peak hatching ,lasts 46 hours by 25 minutes .lasts 58.5 hours at the mean water temperature of 21¡æ .According the remarkable morphologic characteristic, the embryonic development can be divided into six periods. The water temperature during the incubated varied between 21.8 and 27¡æ.The blastodisc appeared in the 40th minutes after fertilization. In comparison with other teleost fishes, the blastodisc is relatively large, making up 1/3~1/2 of the yolk volume .The cleavage period lasts 1.5 hours and takes place between the 2nd and 4th hour of the development .The first blastomeres is larger than the yolk volume .The final stage of this period, the blastodisc is cleaved into small-celled morula , distinctly protruding above the yolk sphere .The blastula period took place between the 4th and 5th hour. The subsequent 2 hours is gastrulation. From the 8th to 15th hours the embryo entered the neurulation and organgenesis period .The beginning of the origin of the tail bud takes place at 17 hours by 10 minutes, which marks the development of caudal part and its segmentation .At the age of 46 hours, the first embryos begins to hatch; Half of the embryos hatched at 46 hours by 25 minutes. Newly hatched fish is 3.8~3.9mm of total length, whose movement is limited. Most of them ¡°hung¡± passively by means of their adhesive glands on the walls of the jars and submerged affix objects, the others are not ¡°hung¡± and lie on the bottom of the jars .The yolk is mostly absorbed and the bladder is filled with gas 3 days after hatched ,then the fry entered mixed nutrient period .The yolk was absolutely absorbed 7 days after hatched. |